serving Monmouth, Ocean and Atlantic Counties

Types of Stuttering – Developmental, Neurogenic and Psychogenic

Stuttering is a communication disorder that interrupts the smooth flow of speech. It can manifest as repetitions of sounds, syllables, and words, or as prolongations of sounds or sudden speech blocks. It affects people of all ages but is most commonly seen in children learning to speak and individuals who have experienced neurological injury or emotional trauma. Understanding the types of stuttering and that they are a result of different causes is critical for developing an effective intervention plan. Therefore, treatment strategies must be customized to meet an individual’s unique needs.

Types of Stuttering

Developmental Stuttering

Developmental stuttering is the most common type of stuttering, typically occurring in children between the ages of 2 and 6 as they develop their language and speech skills. It is often linked to the natural growth process as the brain works to coordinate the muscles needed for speech.

Causes
The exact cause of developmental stuttering is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a result of brain development and genetics. Children’s brains develop rapidly during this stage, and their language abilities may not yet be fully aligned with their motor speech skills. Additionally, a family history of stuttering increases the likelihood that a child may experience developmental stuttering.

Symptoms
Children with developmental stuttering may repeat whole words, syllables, or sounds. For example, they might say, “I-I-I want a cookie” or “Can I go-go-go outside?” Speech blocks, where a child appears “stuck” and unable to produce a sound are also common. These behaviors are most noticeable when children are excited, stressed, or trying to express complex ideas.

Onset
Developmental stuttering typically begins between ages 2 and 6, coinciding with a period of rapid language development. While some children “outgrow” this type of stuttering, others may continue to experience speech disruptions into adolescence or adulthood. Early intervention through speech therapy is crucial to reduce the risk of long-term stuttering.

Therapies
Treatment for developmental stuttering focuses on early intervention. Speech therapists use play-based approaches to create a relaxed and engaging environment. Therapy may include:

  • Fluency Shaping Techniques: Helping children control speech rate, rhythm, and flow.
  • Parental Involvement: Parents are taught strategies to promote a calm, supportive environment that encourages fluent speech.
  • Speech Motor Exercises: Activities to strengthen oral muscles and improve coordination for smoother speech.

Neurogenic Stuttering

Neurogenic stuttering is caused by damage to the brain’s speech and language centers. Unlike developmental stuttering, it can affect people of any age and usually occurs after a neurological event such as a stroke, brain injury, or neurodegenerative disease.

Causes
The primary cause of neurogenic stuttering is damage to the brain’s motor control system, which controls the muscles responsible for speech. Neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke can impair the brain’s ability to send proper signals to the muscles used for speech.

Symptoms
People with neurogenic stuttering may have difficulty starting or maintaining fluent speech. They may repeat syllables, words, or phrases, and their speech may include prolonged sounds. Unlike developmental stuttering, which often varies depending on the speaking situation, neurogenic stuttering tends to be consistent across all speaking situations.

Onset
Neurogenic stuttering occurs suddenly after a brain injury, stroke, or neurological event. It can also develop gradually in cases of progressive neurological diseases like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. Because it is associated with brain damage, neurogenic stuttering requires a distinct treatment approach.

Therapies
Therapy for neurogenic stuttering focuses on re-establishing motor control of speech and improving fluency. Treatment strategies include:

  • Speech Motor Reprogramming: Re-training the brain’s motor pathways to regain control over the speech muscles.
  • Fluency Shaping: Techniques to slow down the rate of speech and reduce interruptions.
  • Assistive Technology: Devices such as delayed auditory feedback (DAF) tools that modify how a person hears their own voice, promoting more fluent speech.
neurogenic stuttering

Psychogenic Stuttering

Psychogenic stuttering is a rare form of stuttering that occurs as a result of emotional trauma or psychological distress. It is not caused by brain damage or developmental delays but is instead linked to mental health conditions.

Causes
Psychogenic stuttering is triggered by severe stress, emotional trauma, anxiety, or other mental health conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression. It can occur suddenly in response to a specific traumatic event.

Symptoms
Unlike other types of stuttering, psychogenic stuttering may appear suddenly, often following a traumatic event. The stuttering tends to be more erratic, with repetitions, sound blocks, and pauses. Unlike neurogenic stuttering, psychogenic stuttering can fluctuate based on the speaker’s emotional state or stress level.

Onset
This type of stuttering can occur at any age, often in response to a major life event or severe emotional stress. It may disappear once the underlying psychological issue is resolved, but in some cases, professional therapy is required.

Therapies
Since psychogenic stuttering has a psychological basis, treatment focuses on both speech and mental health support. Effective therapies include:

  • Speech Therapy: Speech therapists provide fluency exercises and relaxation techniques to reduce tension during speech.
  • Psychological Counseling: Therapy from mental health professionals can help individuals process trauma and reduce anxiety that contributes to stuttering.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This approach addresses the negative thoughts and emotions that impact speech fluency.
stuttering in adults

Why Choose Speech Pathology Solutions?

At Speech Pathology Solutions, we specialize in treating all types of stuttering, from developmental to neurogenic to psychogenic. Our evidence-based approach ensures each client receives personalized care tailored to their unique challenges. Our certified speech-language pathologists provide targeted therapies, assistive tools, and emotional support to help clients achieve lasting improvements in fluency and confidence. With locations in Wall and West Creek, NJ, Speech Pathology Solutions is committed to providing accessible, high-quality care for children, teens, and adults. If you or a loved one are experiencing stuttering, contact us today to schedule a consultation. Let us help you regain your voice, fluency, and self-assurance.

Types of Stuttering FAQs

What are the main types of stuttering?

What causes developmental stuttering?

How is neurogenic stuttering different from developmental stuttering?

What triggers psychogenic stuttering?

Can stuttering occur suddenly?

What therapies are available for stuttering?